Saint Emily de Vialar was born to an aristocratic family, the eldest of three children, and only daughter of Baron James Augustine and Antoinette de Vialar. Because of the anti-Church sentiment of the years following the French Revolution, Emily was baptized in secret, and was taught religion at home by her mother. Sent at age 7 to Paris, France for her education.

Her mother died when Emily was 15, and the girl returned home. She managed her father’s house until she was 35 years old, privately devoting herself to a life of celibacy and prayer, and occasionally arguing with her father over her desire to enter religious life.

Upon receiving a large inheritance from her grandfather, Emily and three other women founded the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Apparition on Christmas Day in 1832; the Apparition refers to the appearance of Gabriel to Joseph, telling him to flee to Egypt. In 1835, Emily and several of the Sisters arrived in Algeria to help the sick during a cholera epidemic, and begin her dream of missionary work.

Beginning in 1840 she tried to obtain papal approval of the Sisters, but secular politics between France and Algeria, and Church politics involving Bishop Dupuch of Alger prevented the recognition until 31 March 1862, several years after Emilie’s death.

During the next few years Emily established 14 new houses, travelled extensively, and sent missionaries anywhere that would accept them. This put a heavy strain on her inheritence, which had been mismanaged by her financial advisor. By 1851 she was bankrupt. Because of the money trouble, the reputation of Emily and of the Sisters suffered, and they were so poor that they sometimes ate in soup kitchens run by other Congregations.

Emily finally moved them all, establishing the mother-house of the Sisters in Marseilles, France where, with the help of the bishop, Saint Eugene de Mazenod, she began to build up her congregation again. In the years until her death, she established 40 houses in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the Sisters continue their good work all over the world today.

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Born into a family of some wealth, Saint John Francis Regis was so impressed by his Jesuit educators that he himself wished to enter the Society of Jesus. He did so at age 18. Despite his rigorous academic schedule he spent many hours in chapel, often to the dismay of fellow seminarians who were concerned about his health.

Following his ordination to the priesthood, he undertook missionary work in various French towns. While the formal sermons of the day tended toward the poetic, his discourses were plain. But they revealed the fervor within him and attracted people of all classes. Father Regis especially made himself available to the poor. Many mornings were spent in the confessional or at the altar celebrating Mass; afternoons were reserved for visits to prisons and hospitals.

The Bishop of Viviers, observing the success of Father Regis in communicating with people, sought to draw on his many gifts, especially needed during the prolonged civil and religious strife then rampant throughout France. With many prelates absent and priests negligent, the people had been deprived of the sacraments for 20 years or more. Various forms of Protestantism were thriving in some cases while a general indifference toward religion was evident in other instances. For three years Father Regis traveled throughout the diocese, conducting missions in advance of a visit by the bishop. He succeeded in converting many people and in bringing many others back to religious observances.

Though Father Regis longed to work as a missionary among the North American Indians in Canada, he was to live out his days working for the Lord in the wildest and most desolate part of his native France. There he encountered rigorous winters, snowdrifts and other deprivations. Meanwhile, he continued preaching missions and earned a reputation as a saint. One man, entering the town of Saint-Andé, came upon a large crowd in front of a church and was told that people were waiting for “the saint” who was coming to preach a mission.

The last four years of his life were spent preaching and in organizing social services, especially for prisoners, the sick and the poor. In the autumn of 1640, Father Regis sensed that his days were coming to a conclusion. He settled some of his affairs and prepared for the end by continuing to do what he did so well: speaking to the people about the God who loved them. On December 31, he spent most of the day with his eyes on the crucifix. That evening, he died. His final words were: “Into thy hands I commend my spirit.”

He was canonized in 1737.

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Saint Germaine Cousin was born in 1579 of humble parents at Pibrac, a village about ten miles from Toulouse and died in her native place in 1601. From her birth she seemed marked out for suffering; she came into the world with a deformed hand and the disease of scrofula, and, while yet an infant, lost her mother. Her father soon married again, but his second wife treated Germaine with much cruelty.

Under pretense of saving the other children from the contagion of scrofula she persuaded the father to keep Germaine away from the homestead, and thus the child was employed almost from infancy as a shepherdess. When she returned at night, her bed was in the stable or on a litter of vine branches in a garret. In this hard school Germaine learned early to practice humility and patience. She was gifted with a marvelous sense of the presence of God and of spiritual things, so that her lonely life became to her a source of light and blessing. To poverty, bodily infirmity, the rigours of the seasons, the lack of affection from those in her own home, she added voluntary mortifications and austerities, making bread and water her daily food. Her love for Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament and for His Virgin Mother presaged the saint. She assisted daily at the Holy Sacrifice; when the bell rang, she fixed her sheep-hook or distaff in the ground, and left her flocks to the care of Providence while she heard Mass. Although the pasture was on the border of a forest infested with wolves, no harm ever came to her flocks.

She is said to have practiced many austerities as a reparation for the sacrileges perpetrated by heretics in the neighboring churches. She frequented the Sacraments of Penance and the Holy Eucharist, and it was observed that her piety increased on the approach of every feast of Our Lady. The Rosary was her only book, and her devotion to the Angelus was so great that she used to fall on her knees at the first sound of the bell, even though she heard it when crossing a stream. Whenever she could do so, she assembled the children of the village around her and sought to instill into their minds the love of Jesus and Mary.

The villagers were inclined at first to treat her piety with mild derision, until certain signs of God’s signal favor made her an object of reverence and awe. In repairing to the village church she had to cross a stream. The ford in winter, after heavy rains or the melting of snow, was at times impassable. On several occasions the swollen waters were seen to open and afford her a passage without wetting her garments. Notwithstanding her poverty she found means to help the poor by sharing with them her allowance of bread. Her father at last came to a sense of his duty, forbade her stepmother henceforth to treat her harshly, and wished to give her a place in the home with the other children, but she begged to be allowed to remain in the humbler position. At this point, when men were beginning to realize the beauty of her life, God called her to Himself. One morning in the early summer of 1601, her father finding that she had not risen at the usual hour went to call her; he found her dead on her pallet of vine-twigs. She was then twenty-two years of age.

Her remains were buried in the parish church of Pibrac in front of the pulpit. In 1644, when the grave was opened to receive one of her relatives, the body of Germaine was discovered fresh and perfectly preserved, and miraculously raised almost to the level of the floor of the church. It was exposed for public view near the pulpit, until a noble lady, the wife of François de Beauregard, presented as a thanks-offering a casket of lead to hold the remains. She had been cured of a malignant and incurable ulcer in the breast, and her infant son whose life was despaired of was restored to health on her seeking the intercession of Germaine. This was the first of a long series of wonderful cures wrought at her relics.

The leaden casket was placed in the sacristy, and in 1661 and 1700 the remains were viewed and found fresh and intact by the vicars-general of Toulouse, who have left testamentary depositions of the fact. Expert medical evidence deposed that the body had not been embalmed, and experimental tests showed that the preservation was not due to any property inherent in the soil. In 1700 a movement was begun to procure the beatification of Germaine, but it fell through owing to accidental causes. In 1793 the casket was desecrated by a revolutionary tinsmith, named Toulza, who with three accomplices took out the remains and buried them in the sacristy, throwing quick-lime and water on them. After the Revolution, her body was found to be still intact save where the quick-lime had done its work.

The private veneration of Germaine had continued from the original finding of the body in 1644, supported and encouraged by numerous cures and miracles. The cause of beatification was resumed in 1850. The documents attested more than 400 miracles or extraordinary graces, and thirty postulatory letters from archbishops and bishops in France besought the beatification from the Holy See. The miracles attested were cures of every kind (of blindness, congenital and resulting from disease, of hip and spinal disease), besides the multiplication of food for the distressed community of the Good Shepherd at Bourges in 1845. On 7 May, 1854, Pius IX proclaimed her beatification, and on 29 June, 1867, placed her on the canon of virgin saints. Her feast is kept in the Diocese of Toulouse on 15 June. She is represented in art with a shepherd’s crook or with a distaff; with a watchdog, or a sheep; or with flowers in her apron.

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The most prolific of the Greek hymn writers, Saint Joseph the Hymnographer was a native of Sicily. He was forced to leave his island in 830 in the wake of an invasion by the Arabs, journeying to Thessalonica and then to Constantinople. He abandoned the Byzantine capital in 841 to escape the severe Iconoclast per secution, but on his way to Rome he was captured by pirates and held for several years in Crete as a slave.

Finally escaping, he returned to Constantinople and founded a monastery. For his ardent defense of the icons, he was sent into exile in the Chersonese. Joseph is credited with the composition of about one thousand canons. He should not be confused with Joseph of Thessalonica, brother of Theodore of Studium.

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There is perhaps no more loved and admired saint in the Catholic Church than Saint Anthony of Padua, a Doctor of the Church. Though his work was in Italy, he was born in Portugal. He first joined the Augustinian Order and then left it and joined the Franciscan Order in 1221, when he was 26 years old. The reason he became a Franciscan was because of the death of the five Franciscan protomartyrs — St. Bernard, St. Peter, St. Otho, St. Accursius, and St. Adjutus — who shed their blood for the Catholic Faith in the year 1220, in Morocco, in North Africa, and whose headless and mutilated bodies had been brought to St. Anthony’s monastery on their way back for burial. St. Anthony became a Franciscan in the hope of shedding his own blood and becoming a martyr. He lived only ten years after joining the Franciscan Order.

So simple and resounding was his teaching of the Catholic Faith, so that the most unlettered and innocent might understand it, that he was made a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XII in 1946. Saint Anthony was only 36 years old when he died. He is called the “hammer of the Heretics” His great protection against their lies and deceits in the matter of Christian doctrine was to utter, simply and innocently, the Holy Name of Mary. When St. Anthony of Padua found he was preaching the true Gospel of the Catholic Church to heretics who would not listen to him, he then went out and preached it to the fishes. This was not, as liberals and naturalists are trying to say, for the instruction of the fishes, but rather for the glory of God, the delight of the angels, and the easing of his own heart. St. Anthony wanted to profess the Catholic Faith with his mind and his heart, at every moment.

He is typically depicted with a book and the Infant Child Jesus, to whom He miraculously appeared, and is commonly referred to today as the “finder of lost articles.” Upon exhumation, some 336 years after his death, his body was found to be corrupted, yet his tongue was totally incorrupt, so perfect were the teachings that had been formed upon it.  Saint Anthony was canonized (declared a saint) less than one year after his death.

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The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs, were Roman Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by the Nazis.

Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II at Warsaw, Poland. The group comprises 3 bishops, 52 priests, 26 members of male religious orders, 3 seminarians, 8 religious sisters and 9 lay people. There are two parishes named for the 108 Martyrs of World War II in Powiercie  in Koło County, and in Malbork, Poland.

Bishops

  • Antoni Julian Nowowiejski, (1858–1941 KL Działdowo), bishop
  • Leon Wetmański, (1886–1941 KL Działdowo), bishop
  • Władysław Goral, (1898–1945 KL Sachsenhausen), bishop

Priests

  • Adam Bargielski, priest from Myszyniec (1903–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Aleksy Sobaszek, priest (1895–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Alfons Maria Mazurek, Carmelite friar, prior, priest (1891–1944, shot by the Gestapo)
  • Alojzy Liguda, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1898–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Anastazy Jakub Pankiewicz, Franciscan friar, priest (1882–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Anicet Kopliński, Capuchin friar of German descent, priest in Warsaw (1875–1941)
  • Antoni Beszta-Borowski, priest, dean of Bielsk Podlaski (1880–1943, shot near Bielsk Podlaski)
  • Antoni Leszczewicz, Marian Father, priest (1890–1943, burnt to death in Rosica, Belarus)
  • Antoni Rewera, priest, dean of the Cathedral Chapter in Sandomierz (1869–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Antoni Świadek, priest from Bydgoszcz (1909–1945 KL Dachau)
  • Antoni Zawistowski, priest (1882–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Bolesław Strzelecki, priest (1896–1941 KL Auschwitz)
  • Bronisław Komorowski, priest (1889–22 March 1940 KL Stutthof)
  • Dominik Jędrzejewski, priest (1886–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Edward Detkens, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Edward Grzymała, priest (1906–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Emil Szramek, priest (1887–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Fidelis Chojnacki, Capuchin friar, priest (1906–1942, KL Dachau)
  • Florian Stępniak, Capuchin friar, priest (1912–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Franciszek Dachtera, priest (1910–23 August 1942 KL Dachau)
  • Franciszek Drzewiecki, Orionine Father, priest (1908–1942 KL Dachau); from Zduny, he was condemned to heavy work in the plantation of Dachau. While he was bending over tilling the soil, he adored the consecrated hosts kept in a small box in front of him. While he was going to the gas chamber, he encouraged his companions, saying “We offer our life for God, for the Church and for our Country”.
  • Franciszek Rogaczewski, priest from Gdańsk (1892–1940, shot in Stutthof or in Piaśnica, Pomerania)
  • Franciszek Rosłaniec, priest (1889–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Henryk Hlebowicz, priest (1904–1941, shot at Borisov in Belarus)
  • Henryk Kaczorowski, priest from Włocławek (1888–1942)
  • Henryk Krzysztofik, religious order, priest (1908–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Hilary Paweł Januszewski, religious order, priest (1907–1945 KL Dachau)
  • Jan Antonin Bajewski, Conventual Franciscan friar, priest (1915–1941 KL Auschwitz); of Niepokalanow. These were the closest collaborators of St Maximilian Kolbe in the fight for God’s cause and together suffered and helped each other spiritually in their offering their lives at Auschwitz
  • Jan Franciszek Czartoryski, Dominican friar, priest (1897–1944)
  • Jan Nepomucen Chrzan, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Jerzy Kaszyra, Marian Father, priest (1910–1943, burnt to death in Rosica, Belarus)
  • Józef Achilles Puchała, Franciscan friar, priest (1911–1943, killed near Iwieniec, Belarus)
  • Józef Cebula, Missionary Oblate, priest (23 March 1902–9 May 1941 KL Mauthausen)[1]
  • Józef Czempiel, priest (1883–1942 KL Mauthausen)
  • Józef Innocenty Guz, Franciscan friar, priest (1890–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)
  • Józef Jankowski, Pallotine, priest, (1910 born in Czyczkowy near Brusy, Kashubia (died 16 October 1941 in KL Auschwitz beaten by kapo)
  • Józef Kowalski, Salesian, priest (1911–1942)
  • Józef Kurzawa, priest (1910–1940)
  • Józef Kut, priest (1905–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Józef Pawłowski, priest (1890–9 January 1942 KL Dachau)
  • Józef Stanek, Pallottine, priest (1916–23 September 1944, murdered in Warsaw)
  • Józef Straszewski, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Karol Herman Stępień, Franciscan friar, priest (1910–1943, killed near Iwieniec, Belarus)
  • Kazimierz Gostyński, priest (1884–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Kazimierz Grelewski, priest (1907–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Kazimierz Sykulski, priest (1882–1942 KL Auschwitz)
  • Krystyn Gondek, Franciscan friar, priest (1909–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Leon Nowakowski, priest (1913–1939)
  • Ludwik Mzyk, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1905–1940)
  • Ludwik Pius Bartosik, Conventual Franciscan friar, priest (1909–1941 KL Auschwitz); of Niepokalanow. These were the closest collaborators of St Maximilian Kolbe in the fight for God’s cause and together suffered and helped each other spiritually in their offering their lives at Auschwitz
  • Ludwik Roch Gietyngier, priest from Częstochowa (1904–1941 KL Dachau)
  • Maksymilian Binkiewicz, priest (1913–24 July 1942, beaten, died in KL Dachau)
  • Marian Gorecki, priest (1903–22 March 1940 KL Stutthof)
  • Marian Konopiński, Capuchin friar, priest (1907–1 January 1943 KL Dachau)
  • Marian Skrzypczak, priest (1909–1939 shot in Plonkowo)
  • Michał Oziębłowski, priest (1900–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Michał Piaszczyński, priest (1885–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)
  • Michał Woźniak, priest (1875–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Mieczysław Bohatkiewicz, priest (1904–4 March 1942, shot in Berezwecz)
  • Narcyz Putz, priest (1877–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Narcyz Turchan, priest (1879–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Piotr Edward Dankowski, priest (1908–3 April 1942 KL Auschwitz)
  • Roman Archutowski, priest (1882–1943 KL Majdanek)
  • Roman Sitko, priest (1880–1942 KL Auschwitz)
  • Stanisław Kubista, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1898–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)
  • Stanisław Kubski, priest (1876–1942, prisoner in KL Dachau, killed in Hartheim near Linz)
  • Stanisław Mysakowski, priest (1896–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Stanisław Pyrtek, priest (1913–4 March 1942, shot in Berezwecz)
  • Stefan Grelewski, priest (1899–1941 KL Dachau)
  • Wincenty Matuszewski, priest (1869–1940)
  • Władysław Błądziński, Michaelite, priest (1908–1944, KL Gross-Rosen)
  • Władysław Demski, priest (1884–28 May 1940, KL Sachsenhausen)
  • Władysław Maćkowiak, priest (1910–4 March 1942 shot in Berezwecz)
  • Władysław Mączkowski, priest (1911–20 August 1942 KL Dachau)
  • Władysław Miegoń, priest, commandor lieutnant (1892–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Włodzimierz Laskowski, priest (1886–1940 KL Gusen)
  • Wojciech Nierychlewski, religious, priest (1903–1942, KL Auschwitz)
  • Zygmunt Pisarski, priest (1902–1943)
  • Zygmunt Sajna, priest (1897–1940, shot at Palmiry, near Warsaw)
  • Religious Brothers
  • Brunon Zembol, friar (1905–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, friar (1911–1943, guillotined in Dresden)
  • Józef Zapłata, friar (1904–1945 KL Dachau)
  • Marcin Oprządek, friar (1884–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Piotr Bonifacy Żukowski, friar (1913–1942 KL Auschwitz)
  • Stanisław Tymoteusz Trojanowski, friar (1908–1942 KL Auschwitz)
  • Symforian Ducki, friar (1888–1942 KL Auschwiitz)

Nuns and Religious Sisters

  • Alicja Maria Jadwiga Kotowska, sister (1899–1939, executed at Piaśnica, Pomerania)
  • Ewa Noiszewska, sister (1885–1942, executed at Góra Pietrelewicka near Slonim, Belarus)
  • Julia Rodzińska, Dominican sister (1899–20 February 1945 KL Stutthof); she died having contracted typhoid serving the Jewish women prisoners in a hut for which she had volunteered.
  • Katarzyna Celestyna Faron (1913–1944 KL Auschwitz); (1913–1944), had offered her life for the conversion of an Old Catholic bishop Władysław Faron (no relation). She was arrested by the Gestapo and condemned to Auschwitz camp. She put up heroically with all the abuses of the camp and died on Easter Sunday 1944. The bishop later returned to the Catholic Church).
  • Maria Antonina Kratochwil, (1881–1942)
  • Maria Klemensa Staszewska, (1890–1943 KL Auschwitz)
  • Marta Wołowska, (1879–1942, executed at Góra Pietrelewicka near Slonim, Belarus)
  • Mieczysława Kowalska, sister (1902–1941 KL Dzialdowo)

Roman Catholic Laity

  • Bronisław Kostkowski, alumnus (1915–1942 KL Dachau)
  • Czesław Jóźwiak (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)
  • Edward Kaźmierski (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)
  • Edward Klinik (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)
  • Franciszek Kęsy (1920–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)
  • Franciszek Stryjas (1882–31 July 1944, Kalisz prison)
  • Jarogniew Wojciechowski (1922–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)
  • Marianna Biernacka (1888–13 July 1943), offered her life for her unborn grandchild and was executed instead of her pregnant daughter-in-law
  • Natalia Tułasiewicz (1906–31 March 1945, died in KL Ravensbrück)
  • Stanisław Starowieyski (1895–13 April 1941 KL Dachau)
  • Tadeusz Dulny, alumnus (1914–1942 KL Dachau)
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Saint Barnabas was one of the Seventy Apostles and the companion of the Apostle Paul on some of his missionary voyages. A Jew, born in Cyprus and named Joseph, he sold his property, gave the proceeds to the Apostles, who gave him the name Barnabas (“son of consolation”) because he was gifted at comforting people’s souls. He lived in common with the earliest converts to Christianity in Jerusalem.

He persuaded the community there to accept Paul as a disciple, was sent to Antioch, Syria, to look into the community there, and brought Paul there from Tarsus. With Paul he brought Antioch’s donation to the Jerusalem community during a famine, and returned to Antioch with John Mark, his cousin. The three went on a missionary journey to Cyprus, Perga (when John Mark went to Jerusalem), and Antioch in Pisidia, where they were so violently opposed by the Jews that they decided to preach to the pagans.

Then they went on to Iconium and Lystra in Lycaonia, where they were first acclaimed gods and then stoned out of the city, and then returned to Antioch in Syria. When a dispute arose regarding the observance of the Jewish rites, Paul and Barnabas went to Jerusalem, where, at a council, it was decided that pagans did not have to be circumcised to be baptized.

On their return to Antioch, Barnabas wanted to take John Mark on another visitation to the cities where they had preached, but Paul objected because of John Mark’s desertion of them in Perga. Paul and Barnabas parted, and Barnabas returned to Cyprus with Mark; nothing further is heard of him, though it is believed his rift with Paul was ultimately healed.

Tradition has Barnabas preaching in Alexandria and Rome, the founder of the Cypriote Church, and has him stoned to death at Salamis about the year 61. His feast day is June 11.

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According to a pious legend, Saint Olivia was described as a ravishing beauty of 13 years when Saracens captured her at Palermo, Sicily in the 9th century. She was deported to Tunis where she began to perform miracles and convert Muslims to Christianity.

Wishing to get rid of her, but fearing her power, her captors abandoned her in a forest, giving her to the beasts. Some hunters found her and took her themselves as a slave, but she converted them to the Faith. Exasperated Muslim authorities arrested, tortured, and beheaded her. At the moment of her death, her soul was seen to fly to heaven in the form of a dove.

She has been honoured in Carthage and Palermo, and was held in great esteem by Christians and Muslims. The mosque of Tunis is called the Mosque of Olivia, and Tunisian Muslims say that who speaks ill of her is always punished by God.

Saint Olivia is considered a Patron Saint of Music and Palermo, Italy.

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Poet, teacher, orator and defender of the faith, Saint Ephrem is the only Syrian recognized as a doctor of the Church. He took upon himself the special task of opposing the many false doctrines rampant at his time, always remaining a true and forceful defender of the Catholic Church.

Born in Nisibis, Mesopotamia, he was baptized as a young man and became famous as a teacher in his native city. When the Christian emperor had to cede Nisibis to the Persians, Ephrem, along with many Christians, fled as a refugee to Edessa. He is credited with attracting great glory to the biblical school there. He was ordained a deacon but declined becoming a priest (and was said to have avoided episcopal consecration by feigning madness!).

He had a prolific pen and his writings best illumine his holiness. Although he was not a man of great scholarship, his works reflect deep insight and knowledge of the Scriptures. In writing about the mysteries of humanity’s redemption, Ephrem reveals a realistic and humanly sympathetic spirit and a great devotion to the humanity of Jesus. It is said that his poetic account of the Last Judgment inspired Dante.

It is surprising to read that he wrote hymns against the heretics of his day. He would take the popular songs of the heretical groups and, using their melodies, compose beautiful hymns embodying orthodox doctrine. Ephrem became one of the first to introduce song into the Church’s public worship as a means of instruction for the faithful. His many hymns have earned him the title “Harp of the Holy Spirit.”

He preferred a simple, austere life, living in a small cave overlooking the city of Edessa. It was here he died around 373.

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In the midst of the second world war Pope Pius XII put the whole world under the special protection of our Savior’s Mother by consecrating it to her Immaculate Heart, and in 1944 he decreed that in the future the whole Church should celebrate the feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. This is not a new devotion. In the seventeenth century, St. John Eudes preached it together with that of the Sacred Heart; in the nineteenth century, Pius VII and Pius IX allowed several churches to celebrate a feast of the Pure Heart of Mary. Pius XII instituted today’s feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary for the whole Church, so as to obtain by her intercession “peace among nations, freedom for the Church, the conversion of sinners, the love of purity and the practice of virtue” (Decree of May 4, 1944).

The attention of Christians was early attracted by the love and virtues of the Heart of Mary. The Gospel itself invited this attention with exquisite discretion and delicacy. What was first excited was compassion for the Virgin Mother. It was, so to speak, at the foot of the Cross that the Christian heart first made the acquaintance of the Heart of Mary. Simeon’s prophecy paved the way and furnished the devotion with one of its favourite formulae and most popular representations: the heart pierced with a sword. But Mary was not merely passive at the foot of the Cross; “she cooperated through charity”, as St. Augustine says, “in the work of our redemption”.

It is only in the twelfth, or towards the end of the eleventh century, that slight indications of a regular devotion are perceived in a sermon by St. Bernard (De duodecim stellis).

Stronger evidences are discernible in the pious meditations on the Ave Maria and the Salve Regina, usually attributed either to St. Anselm of Lucca (d. 1080) or St. Bernard; and also in the large book De laudibus B. Mariae Virginis (Douai, 1625) by Richard de Saint-Laurent.

In St. Mechtilde (d. 1298) and St. Gertrude (d. 1302) the devotion had two earnest adherents. A little earlier it had been included by St. Thomas Becket in the devotion to the joys and sorrows of Mary, by Blessed Hermann (d.1245), one of the first spiritual children of St. Dominic, in his other devotions to Mary, and somewhat later it appeared in St. Bridget’s Book of Revelations.

St. Ambrose perceived in her the model of a virginal soul. St. Bernardine of Siena (d.1444) was more absorbed in the contemplation of the virginal heart, and it is from him that the Church has borrowed the lessons of the Second Nocturn for the feast of the Heart of Mary. St. Francis de Sales speaks of the perfections of this heart, the model of love for God, and dedicated to it his Theotimus.

In the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth, ascetic authors dwelt upon this devotion at greater length. It was, however, reserved to St. Jean Eudes (d. 1681) to propagate the devotion, to make it public, and to have a feast celebrated in honor of the Heart of Mary, first at Autun in 1648 and afterwards in a number of French dioceses.

In 1799 Pius VI, then in captivity at Florence, granted the Bishop of Palermo the feast of the Most Pure Heart of Mary for some of the churches in his diocese. In 1805 Pius VII made a new concession, thanks to which the feast was soon widely observed. Such was the existing condition when a twofold movement, started in Paris, gave fresh impetus to the devotion. The two factors of this movement were first of all the revelation of the “miraculous medal” in 1830 and all the prodigies that followed, and then the establishment at Notre-Dame-des-Victoires of the Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Refuge of Sinners, which spread rapidly throughout the world and was the source of numberless graces. On 21 July 1855, the Congregation of Rites finally approved the Office and Mass of the Most Pure Heart of Mary without, however, imposing them upon the Universal Church.

Photo credit: Nancy Bauer / Shutterstock.com

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