Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ

Feast date: Jun 02

The Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ is also known as the Solemnity of Corpus Christi, which translates from Latin to “Body of Christ.” This feast originated in France in the midthirteenth century and was extended to the whole Church by Pope Urban IV in 1264. This feast is celebrated on the Thursday following the Trinity Sunday or, as in the USA, on the Sunday following that feast.

This feast calls us to focus on two manifestations of the Body of Christ, the Holy Eucharist and the Church. The primary purpose of this feast is to focus our attention on the Eucharist. The opening prayer at Mass calls our attention to Jesus’ suffering and death and our worship of Him, especially in the Eucharist.

At every Mass our attention is called to the Eucharist and the Real Presence of Christ in it. The secondary focus of this feast is upon the Body of Christ as it is present in the Church. The Church is called the Body of Christ because of the intimate communion which Jesus shares with his disciples. He expresses this in the gospels by using the metaphor of a body in which He is the head. This image helps keep in focus both the unity and the diversity of the Church.

The Feast of Corpus Christi is commonly used as an opportunity for public Eucharistic processions, which serves as a sign of common faith and adoration. Our worship of Jesus in His Body and Blood calls us to offer to God our Father a pledge of undivided love and an offering of ourselves to the service of others.

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Sts. Marcellinus and Peter

Feast date: Jun 02

On June 2, the Catholic Church remembers two fourth-century martyrs, Saints Marcellinus and Peter, who were highly venerated after the discovery of their tomb and the conversion of their executioner.

Although the biographical details of the two martyrs are largely unknown, it is known that they lived and died during the reign of the Roman Emperor Diocletian. In 302, the ruler changed his tolerant stance and pursued a policy intended to eliminate the Church from the empire.

Diocletian and his subordinate ordered the burning of Catholic churches and their sacred texts, as well as the imprisonment and torture of clergy and laypersons. The goal was to force Christians to submit to the Roman pagan religion, including the worship of the emperor himself as divine.

It was at the mid-point of this persecution, around 303, that a Roman exorcist by the name of Peter was imprisoned for his faith. While in prison, tradition holds that Peter freed Paulina, the daughter of the prison-keeper Artemius, from demonic influence by his prayers.

This demonstration of Christ’s power over demons is said to have brought about the conversion of Paulina, Artemius, his wife, and the entire household, all of whom were baptized by the Roman priest Marcellinus.

After this, both Marcellinus and Peter were called before a judge who was determined to enforce the emperor’s decree against the Church. When Marcellinus testified courageously to his faith in Christ, he was beaten, stripped of his clothes, and deprived of food in a dark cell filled with broken glass shards.

Peter, too, was returned to his confinement. But neither man would deny Christ, and both preferred death over submission to the cult of pagan worship.

It was arranged for the two men to be executed secretly, in order to prevent the faithful from gathering in prayer and veneration at the place of their burial. Their executioner forced them to clear away a tangle of thorns and briars, which the two men did cheerfully, accepting their death with joy.

Both men were beheaded in the forest and buried in the clearing they had made. The location of the saints’ bodies remained unknown for some time, until a devout woman named Lucilla received a revelation informing her where the priest and exorcist lay.

With the assistance of another woman, Firmina, Lucilla recovered the two saints’ bodies and had them re-interred in the Roman Catacombs. Sts. Marcellinus and Peter are among the saints named in the Western Church’s most traditional Eucharistic prayer, the Roman Canon.

Pope St. Damasus I, who was himself a great devotee of the Church’s saints during his life, composed an epitaph to mark the tombs of the two martyrs. The source of his knowledge, he said, was the executioner himself, who had subsequently repented and joined the Catholic Church.

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When I got married, I thought I understood what that meant and how to have a happy marriage. All you need is love! The love that I had for my husband on our wedding day was great. I couldn’t imagine loving him more. It’s now 45 years later, and my understanding of love has expanded. I realize that what I knew then (on the day we wed) was nothing. I never dreamed of the love we have now because I didn’t know it was possible. 

As I read today’s Gospel, I was reminded of my confidence in understanding love those many years ago. The disciples basically tell Jesus, “Now we understand.” After three years with Jesus, on the night of the Last Supper, they think they understand what He has been telling them, but they have only just begun. 

Jesus tempers their confidence by telling them that they will desert him, be scattered in fear, be alone, and have troubles. When Jesus is crucified, resurrected, and ascends to Heaven, they will know more. When the Holy Spirit comes, they will know more. As they preach the Good News, they will know more. Each step along the way, God will reveal more of Himself to them. But at the Last Supper, they think they understand. Peter can’t believe that he will deny Jesus three times. None can conceive that they will desert Him in the Garden of Gethsemane. No matter what they understand at the table, it isn’t enough. There is more. 

We can be like that. We can get overconfident that we know God. We study Scripture, receive the sacraments, spend time in prayer, and read spiritual books—all to grow in faith. When we get complacent, our good spiritual practices can become stale, and we seem to be just going through the motions. We can be deaf to God’s calling because we think we understand, so we stop learning and growing. 

I know God now, and yet, I don’t. I know more than I did five years ago, but this is not the end. I want more of God in my life, and God wants to give me more. He wants to give you more. When we approach with humility and docility, he will shower graces upon us like the dewfall. Perhaps we will be tempted to say, “Now I understand!” And God responds, “Really? Guess what? There’s more!” 

Jesus invites us to always ask for more. Whatever your current relationship with God, there is more. If you are just beginning the spiritual journey, He has more. If you have been on the journey for decades, He has more. The nature of your relationship with Him changes, evolves, goes deeper. It is not the fanfare of your wedding day, but rather the comfort of sitting with your beloved in silence, knowing you are loved. 

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St. Justin Martyr

Feast date: Jun 01

“We are slain with the sword, but we increase and multiply; the more we are persecuted and destroyed, the more are deaf to our numbers. As a vine, by being pruned and cut close, shoots forth new suckers, and bears a greater abundance of fruit; so is it with us.” – St. Justin Martyr

Justin was born around the year 100 in the Palestinian province of Samaria, the son of Greek-speaking parents whose ancestors were sent as colonists to that area of the Roman Empire. Justin’s father followed the Greek pagan religion and raised his son to do the same, but he also provided Justin with an excellent education in literature and history.

Justin was an avid lover of truth, and as a young man, became interested in philosophy and searched for truth in the various schools of thought that had spread throughout the empire. But he became frustrated with the professional philosophers’ intellectual conceits and limitations, as well as their apparent indifference to God.

After several years of study, Justin had a life-changing encounter with an old man who questioned him about his beliefs and especially about the sufficiency of philosophy as a means of attaining truth. He urged him to study the Jewish prophets and told Justin that these authors had not only spoken by God’s inspiration, but also predicted the coming of Christ and the foundation of his Church.

“Above all things, pray that the gates of life may be opened to you,” the old man told Justin, “for these are not things to be discerned, unless God and Christ grant to a man the knowledge of them.” Justin had always admired Christians from a distance because of the beauty of their moral lives. As he writes in his Apologies: “When I was a disciple of Plato, hearing the accusations made against the Christians and seeing them intrepid in the face of death and of all that men fear, I said to myself that it was impossible that they should be living in evil and in the love of pleasure.” The aspiring philosopher eventually decided to be baptized around the age of 30.

After his conversion, Justin continued to wear the type of cloak that Greek culture associated with the philosophers. Inspired by the dedicated example of other Catholics whom he had seen put to death for their faith, he embraced a simple and austere lifestyle even after moving to Rome.

Justin was most likely ordained a deacon, since he preached, did not marry, and gave religious instruction in his home. He is best known as the author of early apologetic works which argued for the Catholic faith against the claims of Jews, pagans, and non-Christian philosophers.

Several of these works were written to Roman officials, for the purpose of refuting lies that had been told about the Church. Justin sought to convince the rulers of the Roman Empire that they had nothing to gain, and much to lose, by persecuting the Christians. His two most famous apologetical treatises were “Apologies” and “Dialogue with Tryphon.”

In order to fulfill this task, Justin gave explicit written descriptions of the early Church’s beliefs and its mode of worship. In modern times, scholars have noted that Justin’s descriptions correspond to the traditions of the Catholic Church on every essential point.

Justin describes the weekly Sunday liturgy as a sacrifice, and speaks of the Eucharist as the true body and blood of Christ. He further states that only baptized persons who believe the Church’s teachings, and are free of serious sin, may receive it.

Justin also explains in his writings that the Church regards celibacy as a sacred calling, condemns the common practice of killing infants, and looks down on the accumulation of excessive wealth and property.

His first defense of the faith, written to Emperor Antonius Pius around 150, convinced the emperor to regard the Church with tolerance. In 167, however, persecution began again under Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

During that year Justin wrote to the emperor, who was himself a philosopher and the author of the well-known “Meditations.” He tried to demonstrate the injustice of the persecutions, and the superiority of the Catholic faith over Greek philosophy. Justin emphasized the strength of his convictions by stating that he expected to be put to death for expressing them

He was, indeed, seized along with a group of other believers, and brought before Rusticus, prefect of Rome. A surviving eyewitness account shows how Justin the philosopher became known as “St. Justin Martyr.”

The prefect made it clear how Justin might save his life: “Obey the gods, and comply with the edicts of the emperors.” Justin responded that “no one can be justly blamed or condemned for obeying the commands of our Savior Jesus Christ.”

Rusticus briefly questioned Justin and his companions regarding their beliefs about Christ and their manner of worshiping God. Then he laid down the law.

“Hear me,” he said, “you who are noted for your eloquence, who think that you make a profession of the right philosophy. If I cause you to be scourged from head to foot, do you think you shall go to heaven?”

“If I suffer what you mention,” Justin replied, “I hope to receive the reward which those have already received, who have obeyed the precepts of Jesus Christ.”

“There is nothing which we more earnestly desire, than to endure torments for the sake of our Lord Jesus Christ,” he explained. “We are Christians, and will never sacrifice to idols.” Justin was scourged and beheaded along with six companions who joined him in his confession of faith.

St. Justin Martyr has been regarded as a saint since the earliest centuries of the Church. Eastern Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians also celebrate his feast day on June 1.

 

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You are witnesses of these things. And behold I am sending the promise of my Father upon you; but stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high.” (Lk 24:48-49 )

So many of us struggle with knowing why we’re here, asking ourselves “What is my purpose?” It can be especially challenging recognizing our identity as a child of God. Christ came into the world so that we could know God’s love and follow in his footsteps. In similar fashion we must take a stand to fight for all that his goodness entails. 

We are not of this world but must live intentionally, being disciples full of peace, joy, and love. Knowing the Gospel message empowers and strengthens us to endure in times of difficulty. We can take the next steps, set ablaze by the Holy Spirit, and testify that Jesus Christ’s love is enough to surpass any worldly anxieties. 

The Ascension reminds us that we are blessed with power as Christ’s witnesses in today’s world. We can rise up and make a difference in whatever role God has assigned us within our family and our community.  

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Feast of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary

Feast date: May 31

Assuming that the Annunciation and the Incarnation took place around the time of the vernal equinox, Mary left Nazareth at the end of March and went over the mountains to Hebron, south of Jerusalem, to wait upon her cousin Elizabeth. Because Mary’s presence, and even more the presence of the Divine Child in her womb, according to the will of God, was to be the source of very great graces to the Blessed John, Christ’s Forerunner. (Lk1:39-57).

Feeling the presence of his Divine Saviour, John, upon the arrival of Mary, leaped for joy in the womb of his mother; at that moment he was cleansed from original sin and filled with the grace of God. Our Lady now, for the first time, exercised the office which belonged to the Mother of God made man: that He might, by her mediation, sanctify and glorify us. St. Joseph probably accompanied Mary, returned to Nazareth, and when, after three months, he came again to Hebron to take his wife home, the apparition of the angel, mentioned in Mt 1:19-25, may have taken place to end the tormenting doubts of Joseph regarding Mary’s maternity.

The earliest evidence of the existence of the feast is its adoption by the Franciscan Chapter in 1263, upon the advice of St. Bonaventure. The list of feasts in the “Statuta Synodalia eccl. Cenomanensis”, according to which this feast was kept July 2 at Le Mans in 1247, may not be genuine. With the Franciscan Breviary this feast spread to many churches, but was celebrated at various dates-at Prague and Ratisbon, April 28, in Paris June 27, and at Reims and Geneva, on July 8. It was extended to the entire Church by Urban VI on April 6, 1389 (Decree published by Boniface IX, 9 Nov., 1389), with the hope that Christ and His Mother would visit the Church and put an end to the Great Schism which rent the seamless garment of Christ.

The feast, with a vigil and an octave, was assigned to July 2, the day after the octave of St. John, about the time when Mary returned to Nazareth. The Office was drawn up by an Englishman, Adam Cardinal Easton, Benedictine monk and Bishop of Lincoln. Dreves has published this rhythmical office with nine other offices for the same feast, found in the Breviaries of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Since, during the Schism, many bishops of the opposing obedience would not adopt the new feast, it was confirmed by the Council of Basle, in 1441. Pius V abolished the rhythmical office, the vigil, and the octave. The present office was compiled by order of Clement VIII by the Minorite Ruiz. Pius IX, on May 13, 1850, raised the feast to the rank of a double of the second class.

Many religious orders — the Carmelites, Dominicans, Cistercians, Mercedarians, Servites, and others — as well as Siena, Pisa, Loreto, Vercelli, Cologne, and other dioceses have retained the octave. In Bohemia the feast is kept on the first Sunday of July as a double of the first class with an octave.

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What does it mean to have a culture of life today? I am an archdiocesan attorney in Washington, DC, and I’m often involved in policy and advocacy work related to pro-life issues. One critique that I hear frequently related to the Catholic Church’s teaching on life goes like this:  “There is a difference between being pro-baby and pro-mother.” In other words, a Church that professes the sanctity of life from conception to natural death, must promote love for one another at each stage of life, especially for mothers who choose life. 

Too often our culture responds to unexpected pregnancies with shaming and shunning. This is not a new concept. In the culture of her day, Mary’s pregnancy seemed scandalous. Even Saint Joseph struggled with how to respond to Mary’s pregnancy. We know from Matthew’s Gospel that since Joseph “was a righteous man,” he was “unwilling to expose her to shame, [and] decided to divorce her quietly” (Mt 1:20). Thankfully the angel changed his mind. 

In a culture of life, all life is a gift that brings joy! We hear this joy in the Visitation as Mary set out to visit Elizabeth “in haste.” There is excitement in Mary’s pace. Elizabeth reacts to Mary’s pregnancy with the famous words that we pray in the Hail Mary, “Most blessed are you among women and blessed is the fruit of your womb.” These are declarations of support and of welcome. Even John the Baptist in Elizabeth’s womb “leaped for joy.” What’s more, these women did not exchange mere fleeting greetings of support, but rather, Mary remained with Elizabeth for three months. These women lived alongside each other and cared for each other. 

When someone becomes pregnant unexpectedly, it is natural to experience a range of feelings. In Mary’s life, which was free from sin and full of grace, she experienced confusion and possibly apprehension, asking the angel “How can this be?” A woman may feel happiness, but also fear, or even anger at an unexpected pregnancy. She may ask herself, “What am I going to do?” or “How am I going to be a mom?” or “What will my family think?” These are the moments when a culture that upholds life walks alongside mothers and loves them.

At the beginning of her Magnificat, Mary gives us a great example of giving thanks to God for the gift of life:

My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord;
my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
for he has looked with favor on his lowly servant.
From this day all generations will call me blessed:
the Almighty has done great things for me,
and holy is his Name.

What might happen if we collectively prayed this first stanza of Mary’s Magnificat for every mother and her baby? It could break open our hearts to love each other better. How else do you see a culture of life evident in today’s Gospel reading?

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St. Joan of Arc

Feast date: May 30

Today is the feast of St. Joan of Arc, the patroness of France. Joan was born to a peasant family in Champagne, France in the early 15th century.

From a young age she heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret speaking to her. Then, in 1428, when she was 13 years old, she received a vision telling her to go to the King of France and help him reconquer his kingdom from the invading forces of England and Burgundy.

Overcoming opposition and convincing members of the court and of the Church, she was given a small army. She charged into battle bearing a banner which bore the names “Jesus” and “Mary” as well as a symbol of the Holy Spirit.

Due to her leadership and trust in God, she was able to raise the siege of Orleans in 1429. Joan and her army went on to win a series of battles. Because of her efforts, the king was able to enter Rheims. He was crowned with Joan at his side.

Eventually, Joan was captured by the forces of Burgundy in May of 1430. When her own king and army did nothing to save her, she was sold to the English. She was imprisoned for a time and then put on trial. Bishop Peter Cauchon of Beauvais presided over her trial. His hope was that in being harsh with Joan, the English would help him become archbishop.

Joan was condemned to death on counts of heresy, witchcraft, and adultery. On May 30, 1431, she was burned at the stake in Rouen, France. She was 19 years old.

Thirty years after her death, her case was retried and she was exonerated. In 1920, she was canonized by Pope Benedict XV. She is the patroness of France, captives, soldiers, and those ridiculed for their piety.

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“[Y]ou will grieve, but your grief will become joy.”

Christ’s words here are part of the Last Supper Discourse, His final words of wisdom for His Apostles at the Last Supper, just before His death on the Cross. He is confirming that they will experience anguish like His – not only at His death, but also later in life, when all of them except John the Beloved would become martyrs. 

And surely, as Our Lord spoke these words, He was also thinking of His own Passion. In mere hours, He would be in the Garden of Gethsemane, pleading with the Father on His knees to let the cup of suffering pass. And then He would accept it. In the twenty-four hours after that, He would be betrayed by one of His closest friends, sentenced to death in place of a murderous rebel, scourged and mockingly crowned, driven through the streets in shame, and crucified between two criminals, abandoned by all His Apostles except John.

Christ knew all this, and yet He accepted the cup of His Passion willingly, because He loves us desperately, and His joy in saving us outweighs His grief. He was in anguish during His hour, yet I wonder if, like a woman in labor, He too “no longer remembers the pain” due to the joy He experiences when even one soul chooses to love Him and follow Him. His is a joy that endures beyond all grief. And He promises the same for us. 

“Amen, Amen, I say to you.” The word “Amen” means “it is so” or “it shall be so.” Not “I hope so” or “I’d like that.” No, the word “Amen” carries a certainty that is almost unparallel in any other language. And Christ says it twice here, indicating the greatness of His promise: the promise of enduring joy. 

“I will see you again, and your hearts will rejoice, and no one will take your joy away from you.” A three-fold promise: Christ will come to His faithful, they will rejoice, and their joy they experience will be unshaken. 

Following Him means taking the path He took. Loving Him means suffering as He suffered. We will experience great grief in this life, but there is more to the story, and that is the key – “your grief will become joy.” Not “it might.” It will. “Amen, amen, I say to you…”

This is the infallible hope of the Christian. Our joy does not come from worldly success or even spiritual consolation. Even if our lives are nothing but grief here on earth, that does not determine our eternity. Our joy comes from Christ’s promise. If we follow Him, we will emerge beyond grief into His joy. There will be grief, and that grief will become joy. Of those two things we can be absolutely certain – and the second part is infinitely more important. It is the promise of eternity with Him.

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St. Maximinus

Feast date: May 29

St. Maximinus was the Bishop of Trier, and was born at Silly near Poitiers. He died there either on May 29, 352 or Sept. 12, 349. He was educated and ordained a priest by St. Agritius, whom he succeeded as Bishop of Trier in 332 or 335. At that time Trier was the government seat of the Western Emperor and, by force of his office, Maximinus stood in close relation with the Emperors Constantine II and Constans.

He was a strenuous defender of the orthodox faith against Arianism and an intimate friend of St. Athanasius, whom he harboured as an honoured guest during his exile of two years and four months (336-8) at Trier. He likewise received with honours the banished patriarch Paul of Constantinople in 341 and effected his recall to Constantinople. When four Arian bishops came from Antioch to Trier in 342 with the purpose of winning Emperor Constans to their side, Maximinus refused to receive them and induced the emperor to reject their proposals. In conjunction with Pope Julius I and Bishop Hosius of Cordova, he persuaded the Emperor Constans to convene the Synod of Sardica in 343 and probably took part in it. That the Arians considered him as one of their chief opponents is evident from the fact that they condemned him by name, along with Pope Julius I and Hosius of Cordova at their heretical synod of Philippopolis in 343 (Mans, “Sacrorum Conc. nova et ampl. Coll.”, III, 136 sq.).

In 345 he took part in the Synod of Milan and is said to have presided over a synod held at Cologne in 346, where Bishop Euphratas of Cologne was deposed on account of his leanings toward Arianism. [Concerning the authenticity of the Acts of this synod see the new French translation of Hefele’s “Conciliengeschichte”, I, ii (Paris, 1907), pp. 830-34.] He also sent Sts. Castor and Lubentius as missionaries to the valleys of the Mosel and the Lahn. It is doubtful whether the Maximinus whom the usurper Magnentius sent as legate to Constantinople in the interests of peace is identical with the Bishop of Trier (Athanasius, “Apol. ad Const. Imp.”, 9).

His cult began right after his death. His feast is celebrated on May 29, on which day his name stands in the martyrologies of St. Jerome, St. Bede, St. Ado, and others. Trier honours him as its patron. In the autumn of 353 his body was buried in the church of St. John near Trier, where in the seventh century was founded the famous Benedictine abbey of St. Maximinus, which flourished till 1802.

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