The legacy of Pope Callistus I, who passed away around 222 AD, has been clouded by accounts written by one who strongly opposed him, Saint Hippolytus. This makes discerning the true story of Callistus challenging, as the principal records we possess come from someone who saw him as an adversary.
Hippolytus, known for his strict adherence to Church doctrine, was deeply disturbed by Callistus’ compassionate approach towards sinners. Callistus believed in forgiveness and allowed those who had committed grievous sins to rejoin the Church after public penance. Additionally, his endorsement of marriages between free individuals and slaves highlighted his progressive stance on equality, which Hippolytus viewed as the degradation of the Church.
Hippolytus’ writings suggest Callistus was once a slave, a fact that could have led to biases in his accounts, given the class distinctions of the era. Callistus had managed a bank, which unfortunately failed. While Hippolytus claims this was due to Callistus’ mismanagement for personal gain, it seems improbable that such responsibility would be given to someone untrustworthy.
Subsequent events led to Callistus facing various punishments, including forced labor and exile to the mines. Interestingly, despite Hippolytus’ negative portrayal, Callistus found favor and was granted an income and a position.
Later, under Pope Zephyrinus, Callistus returned to Rome. Zephyrinus, although well-intentioned, struggled with theological nuances. Callistus emerged as a guiding force, shaping Church teachings. Upon Zephyrinus’ death in 219, despite the opposition of Hippolytus and others, Callistus ascended to the papacy. His reign saw him confronting heresies, exemplified by his banishment of the heretic Sabellius.
Although recorded as a martyr, details of Callistus’ martyrdom remain elusive. While no official persecutions were underway, it’s conceivable he perished in anti-Christian riots.
Photo credit: Lawrence OP via Flickr
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